Installing a photovoltaic system offers homeowners the opportunity to generate their own energy, reduce costs and contribute to the environment. However, professional installation is essential to ensure optimal performance of the system and to comply with legal requirements. Below you will find detailed instructions on how to install a photovoltaic system. Although this guide covers basic steps, we recommend that certain tasks, particularly electrical connections, are carried out by a qualified professional.
1. Planning and preparation
a) Determine energy requirementsBefore you start the installation, you should first determine your energy requirements. Check your previous electricity consumption to correctly size the photovoltaic system. This is usually done by analyzing annual electricity bills. A common size for a single-family home is around 5 kWp (kilowatt peak).
b) Site assessmentThe location of your photovoltaic system is crucial to its efficiency. Ideally, the system should be installed on a roof that has a slope of 30 to 45 degrees and faces south. Avoid shade from trees, buildings or other obstacles, as shade can seriously affect the performance of the modules.
c) Obtain permitsIn some regions and countries, certain permits are required to install a photovoltaic system. Check with your local authority about any necessary building permits or registration with the grid operator, especially if you plan to feed excess electricity into the grid.
2. Selecting the components
A photovoltaic system consists of several main components:
- Solar modules: These convert sunlight into electrical energy.
- Inverter: It converts the direct current (DC) generated by the solar modules into alternating current (AC) that is used in your home.
- Mounting system: This holds the solar modules in the right position on the roof.
- Battery storage (optional): A power storage system allows you to store the electricity generated and use it when needed.
- Wiring and protection devices: They connect the individual components to each other and ensure the safety of the system.
When selecting the modules and the inverter, make sure they are highly efficient and of high quality, as these determine the long-term performance of your system affect.
3. Installation of the system
a) Preparing the roofBefore installing the solar panels, you must ensure that your roof is in good condition. Any repairs or reinforcements should be carried out before installation, as the solar panels are intended to remain on the roof for several decades.
b) Installing the mounting systemThe mounting system must be stable and weatherproof. It is usually attached to the roof rafters. Make sure that the system is correctly aligned to take advantage of the optimal sunlight. Use suitable roof hooks and fasteners to ensure that the weight of the solar panels is evenly distributed.
c) Attaching the solar panelsThe solar panels are fixed to the mounting system. Make sure that they are attached at an angle that corresponds to the slope of the roof and the optimal sunlight. Regularly check the distances between the modules and ensure that there are no shadows that could reduce efficiency.
4. Electrical wiring and connections
The solar modules are connected to each other and to the inverter using special solar cables. The direct current (DC) is fed from the modules to the inverter. The inverter is installed near the main power connection of the house and should be easily accessible.
a) Connecting the inverterThe inverter converts the direct current generated by the solar modules into alternating current. This is then fed into the house's power grid. The connection to the house's power grid should only be carried out by a qualified electrician to ensure compliance with safety regulations.
b) Grid connection and registrationIf you want to feed excess electricity into the public grid, your system must be registered with the grid operator. This step is important to ensure that the feed-in is carried out correctly and that you receive the feed-in tariff. The grid operator usually also installs a meter that measures the electricity fed in.
5. Commissioning and testing
Once the installation is complete, the photovoltaic system must be put into operation. Check that all connections have been made correctly and that the inverter is working properly. Carry out a functional test to ensure that the system is producing electricity and feeding it into the grid or storing it.
It is advisable to commission a certified specialist company to accept the system. This will check that the system is working safely and efficiently.
6. Maintenance and monitoring
A well-maintained photovoltaic system can retain its efficiency for many years. It is important to check the system regularly, especially the solar modules and the inverter. Make sure that the modules are kept clean, as dirt such as leaves or bird droppings can reduce performance. Modern systems often offer monitoring software that helps you monitor energy yield and identify any problems early on.
Conclusion
Installing a photovoltaic system is a worthwhile investment that offers both economic and ecological benefits. Through careful planning, selecting the right components and professional installation, you can ensure that your system functions optimally and provides you with clean electricity in the long term. If you are unsure, always consult experts to avoid mistakes and ensure the maximum efficiency of your system.